Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1615 Words

When one looks upon something, they typically see only the most immediately visible aspects of the object. Take a painting for example. Let us say that this painting is a fairly faithful representation of the Hudson River. When the viewer gazes upon this work, that is what they will see (provided of course that they are familiar with the landmark). What the average observer might fail to realize however, are the influences upon the work, or how the political climate the artist experience might have be visible, or to take it a level deeper, the chemical composition of the paints and the technical limitations and techniques that contributed to the creation of the complete image. While an uninformed audience might judge the work based off of†¦show more content†¦Perhaps it could be anticipated that upon his studies at university this would change, that maybe he would develop a deeper love for the subject upon being involved in the natural sciences in an academic environment whe re professors and peers would ostensibly be motivated at least partially by a sincere passion for the material. Unfortunately, this is not the case for Victor. Instead, he is motivated by messages delivered by those such as Monsieur Waldman, who relays that scientists can â€Å"ascend into the heavens [†¦] they have acquired new and almost unlimited powers; they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake, and even mock the invisible world with its own shadows,† (49). Victor has no desire to understand the sciences for the sake of knowledge, collective or individual. Instead the idea of godlike power and the inevitable fame and recognition that would follow its attainment are his motivators. Rather than understanding science as a thing to be revered in and of itself, Victor is only capable of seeing scientific progress at its surface level, as a tool that will bring him and his family greater reputation. Perhaps the most egregious example of Victor’s extremely shallow, status driven understanding of life is visible in the actions he takes in defense of Justine, or the lack thereof. He is the only one that knows the truth of what happened to William andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. The novel caught the world off guard in the way that a female was able to write about such harsh, dark, and evil things in a European society whose authors like John Locke and Charles Montesquieu preached enlightenment, self exploration, and individualism all in an optimistic enablingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1758 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein was published over 200 years ago. Ever since it was published, it has been one of the most famous books known to lite rature. History.com Staff states that this book, by 21-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is frequently called the world’s first science fiction novel (History.com Staff). According to Wikipedia, Shelley was an English novelist. She was born August 30th, 1797. She died on February 1st, 1951 (Wikipedia). Shelley came up with the idea of Frankenstein as she andRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 16 November 2015 Biblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanityRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Frankenstein1410 Words   |  6 Pagescompassion and sympathy through the love of a person whom cares very deeply about them. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the three main characters Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein (The Monster) are shown throughout the story, longing and in search for a companion. Throughout the story, the characters struggle with the battle of wanting either sympathy or compassion from a person or both. Mary Shelley shows the true indication of Human Nature by showing the importance of sympathy andRead MoreAnalysis of Mary Shelley ´s Frankenstein991 Words   |  4 Pagesalive. If it can learn, eventually speak, or came about because of another, it’s a person. The Creature of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is no exception. Victor’s creation needs nourishment, education, and morals, which should be provided by it’s creator, it’s parent, just like any other child. The way that needs of an individual are met shapes the outcome of their life. In her novel, Shelley demonstrates this impact that parents have on their child’s life through the contrasting upbringing of VictorRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1701 Words   |  7 Pages Frankenstein is a novel that is practically devoid of any female presence, yet author Mary Shelley pens a story that is lush with portrayals of feminine ideology. Throughout the course of this novel, the audience is introduced to three different female characters. The first is Elizabeth Lavenza— Victor Frankenstein’s wife. She is presented as a passive and weak woman who embodies the traditional role of women in the 19th century. Caroline Beaufort is present in the novel, but her role is limitedRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1038 Words   |  5 PagesAlexi Torres English III Dr. W.W. Allman December 1, 2015 Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s, Frankenstein, she shows that good people can turn evil, but are not born this way. Humans being rude and isolating someone can make a person go insane and do things they are not proud of. Shelley shows this through the creature that Frankenstein creates and gives examples showing his evilness, but also shows that the creature tries to explain many times that he wants a friend and cannot find one becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1088 Words   |  5 PagesCreature’s Argument In the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, the Creature s only need is for a female companion, which he asks Victor Frankenstein his maker to create. Shelley shows the argument between the creature and Frankenstein. The creature says: I demand a creature of another sex, but as hideous as myself (Shelley 139). Shelley shows what the creature wants from Frankenstein and what his needs are. Shelley gives us an idea of the sympathy that Frankenstein might feel for the creature evenRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wretch Frankenstein is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley about a peculiar scientist named Victor Frankenstein. Victor, who is a scientist endeavoring to make history, engenders a monstrous but attentive creature in an eccentric scientific experiment. The monster that he engenders faces abnegation and fear from his creator and society. The monster is the worst kind of scientific experiment gone awry. The creature has compassion for society but additionally wants to take revenge onRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 966 Words   |  4 Pages Many of the ideals proposed in Frankenstein, written in the late nineteenth century by Mary Shelley, can be applied to modern day practices. She proposes that an abundance of knowledge and technology can be threatening to individuals and all of humanity if used incorrectly. Shelley s novel provided society with philosophical insight of the impact of morally questionable scientific and technological research. The popular belief of how Frankenstein came to be written is explained in the introduction

The Crucible By William Shakespeare - 904 Words

The Crucible was based on a Puritan society where religion played as the foundation of everything. Fear was operating in the witchcraft accusations and in the people who lived there. During that time, these fears were masked by anger toward one another. This misplaced anger grew to vengeance and only led to more fear. Throughout the stage play, the Putnam family helped fuel that fear. For their greediness, led to accusations of which craft. From their first child, Anne Putnam had said that Rebecca Nurse stole the souls of her babies. Putting Goody Nurse in for the hanging, literally. On the â€Å"Are you serious,† scale of the Putnam’s role in this story; Mr. Putnam gets his daughter caught up in this mess by forcing her to plea on her neighbor George Jacobs as a witch, or warlock. Making her tell the court, that an older man’s spirit would lay upon her in the night. The only reason he did this, was for the man’s land and livestock. Although Ruth worked with the other girls on the accusations, this action was more of a bad mark upon her father. Just as bad of a role Putnam played, Mr. Parris toyed with the lives of others as well. With his niece accusing everyone of witchcraft, Parris s leadership and job comes into spotlight. From the beginning of the story you see tha t he’s focused more on himself then he is on the good of the town. Between candlesticks, a home to be all his own, and money for wood, he’s simply more interested in himself then the true issue going on. EveryShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By William Shakespeare1468 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play The Crucible there are some truly heroic characters who deserve to be admired, and there are other characters who are filled with hubris and an overinflated sense of themselves. Some characters, such as Reverend Parris, care too much about their reputation, and this egotistic attitude can become the cause of their downfall. Others, like John Proctor, are not willing to live anymore because their reputation has been spoiled. And some characters, such as Abigail Williams, are so self-importantRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare962 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Crucible† is a melancholy story about witchcraft that occurs in the town of Salem, Massachusetts whic h takes place in 1692. Salem is a very strict, religious Puritan community which does not tolerate any form of non-religious behavior or action. In this Puritan town, a witch hunt ensues after young female members of the community tell multiple lies to their leaders; under those circumstances, many individuals are condemned and hung for these false accusations. It is until one member of thisRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe title of this book is significant because it has two meanings. One, a crucible is actually a piece of lab equipment that boils to a high temperature and becomes full of violent reactions. That symbolizes what is happening with the people in Salem in this book. The second reason it is significant is because a crucible is also known as a test or a trial. We see that often in this book because every one of the accused is put on trial. MAIN CHARACTERS: John Proctor is one of the most important charactersRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare1363 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone, paranoia and hysteria begin to break down the human brain and influence the decisions they make. Throughout history, we as a people have seen the abstraction of fear dominate the masses while at the same time, cultivate hysteria. In â€Å"The Crucible†, neighbors begin to shift on one another and allege individuals they have known for a long time of exercising witchcraft and worshipping Lucifer. The small town of Salem, Massachusetts declines into mass agitation and paranoia, a status in whichRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare978 Words   |  4 PagesMJ The Crucible is set in a theocratic society, in which the church and state are one, and the religion is a strict, austere form of protestantism known as puritanism. Because of the theocratic nature of the society, moral laws and state laws are one in the same: sin and the status of an individual’s soul are matters of public concern. There is no room for deviation from social norms, since any individual whose private life doesn’t conform to the established moral laws represents a threat notRead MoreThe Crucible By William Shakespeare1610 Words   |  7 Pageswho eventually set out to kill her. In The Crucible, there were many accusations towards the people of Salem of being a witch or wizard. None of them were true because witches and wizards are not real and therefore, all the accused people, were innocent. They share the same relationship as the victim of this song. I will always love you This song is about how the singer will always love another character no matter what they put them through. In The Crucible, Abigail displays this same trait when sheRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Crucible 1294 Words   |  6 Pagesof them can attain being imprisoned and even when they do battle to determine who wins Emily’s hand that is ultimately left to fate as the gods intervene when Arcite initially wins the bout. They make no attempt, as romantic heroes, to romance the object of their affection. Furthermore, despite the Knight’s tale being a romance, its center is more on the competition between the two men as opposed to the relationship Emily would have with one of them. Chaucer devotes two pages to their argument onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Crucible 913 Words   |  4 Pages Are you in highschool and are going through a rough time. Than you could relate to the book Speak. Speak is about a girl going into highschool with no friends. Not even her friend from junior high, but why. This book takes place at Merryweather High School. It is in the modern day. It takes place somewhere in the United States. It sometimes at Melinda’s house and other places. Melinda Sordino is sweet and nice. She is really quiet and doesn’t speak much. She Doesn’t fit in anywhere and doesn’t haveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Crucible 1735 Words   |  7 Pagessides of the same coin†. That phrase is what Shakespeare personifies through As You Like It, using the play as a means of making an observation on the idea of duality itself. Shakespeare posits that a method of achieving happiness is simply perspective. The ability to see the positive in the negative or in the play, freedom in exile. Rosalind does not see Arden as a curse but as a blessing in disguise, allowing her to take a new outlook at life. Shakespeare s message seems to be that while there areRead MoreThe Tragedy Of William Shakespeare s The Crucible 1038 Words   |  5 PagesAct Three has ended and Elizabeth has been imprisoned for witchcraft soon after the hysteria began. The frigid, unilluminated cell, with its harsh stone-walls surrounds Elizabeth, along side her depressive, lonely thoughts. The only light permitted to enter the claustrophobic room bleeds in through the cracks around the perimeter of the wooden, bolted doorframe. Elizabeth sits hunched over in the farthest corner from the door. Dust covers the useless, ragged blanket that is the only possession she

Essay about Exotic Food Eating Snakes - 1466 Words

INTODUCTION TO EXOTIC FOOD: SNAKE As a general knowledge to all of us, snake is an poisonous animal and many people are afraid of it since it’s poisonous venom may cause death in some cases. Most of the people will choose to kill the snake whenever they found a snake in their housing area. Some snake are poisonous and some are harmless colubrid. The most poisonous snakes are the rattlesnake, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, coral snake, copperhead and water moccasin. The harmless colubrid snakes are water snake, black snake, green snake, rat snake and garter snake. However, there is still an amount of peoples who like to eat snakes instead of killing them. This may be due to the nutritional value contained in the snake. For example, some people†¦show more content†¦Some examples of snake-based recipes are snake alley noodles, baked western diamondback rattlesnake, and also the famous Chinese snake soup in the Chinese culture. The Chinese snake soup is a well known Cantonese delicacy and health supplement. W hen the snake soup is ready to be served, it is found that the snake meat is light pink in colour, it also tastes much better if being compared with fish meat. The soup contains at least two types of snake as its main ingredients. In the traditional preparation method, the soup is further added with chrysanthemum leaves and spices in order to reduce the saltiness , while the snake meat is said to resemble the texture and the tastes of chicken meat. Nowadays, the snake soup is usually served together with pepper, vinegar and thin fried dough to enrich its flavour, consuming the snake soup together with crab claw chrysanthemums will be the best choice but due to the limited supply of the crab claw chrysanthemum, boltonia was used as a substitute. As an overall, by consuming the snake soup, nutritional value and some medical benefits can be obtained as well. Besides that, the snake soup was considered as a â€Å" high-status† dish since it is only being served to some celebrities and officials as the snake soup stands for wealth, courageous, and respect. A famous store in the early Hong KongShow MoreRelatedExotic Pets Are Unique And Unusual Pets1680 Words   |  7 Pages Exotic pets are very rare and unusual pets, that are usually they are some sort of rodent, reptile, or amphibian. They do not always adjust well to being in a domesticated environment and tend to evolve and lash out later in life. Most exotic pets are are unique and wild-looking like snakes and lizards. Exotic pet trade is one of the largest businesses in the world as a result of selling exotic wildlife in auctions, stores or online and is a multi-billion dollar player in the criminal industry.Read More Ultimate Pets: How an Independent Pet Shop Competes with Giant Pet Store Chains1597 Words   |  7 Pagesthe market so that it can successfully compete with the established pet super-store chains. As a business in the pet industry, an exotic pet shop offers many products that a large corporation would, but differentiates in a way with the wide range of animals it actually carries in stock. Our store does not carry just any products for the care of your exotic pet. Here at Ultimate Pets we only feature the top brands and products for optimal care. With a helpful and knowledgeable staff to assistRead MoreExotic Animals Persuasive Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesKeeping these wild, exotic animals as pets pose a serious threat to public health and safety. In many cases exotic pets can cause serious injury or even death to its owner or its owner’s friend or family member. In one case a two year old little girl was strangled to death by a 8.5 ft. burmese python in her sleep when the snake escaped its cage for the second time that night. The owner of the snake didn t take the proper precautions to keep his family safe from such fatality. Pythons aren t theRead MoreIn vasive Species Managment: The Greater Everglades Ecosystem2384 Words   |  10 PagesStates $10.7 billion (Kovacs et al, 2010). A textbook example of an invasive species is the brown tree snake on the island of Guam. It has driven ten of the twelve native forest bird species there to extinction. With few predators, they have an estimated population density of over 3,000 snakes per square mile (University of Washington 2008). Like other invasive species the problems the brown tree snake causes do not just stop there. They are often cause for power outages on the island after they slitherRead MoreThe Endangerment Of Coral Reefs1685 Words   |  7 Pagesand improbable creatures (Weber). Delicate purple sea fans, blood red sponges, spiny puffer fish, poisonous fish, giant clams, yellow-lip snakes and giant manta rays are just a small sample of the fascinating residents that awe visitors from the terrestrial realm (Weber).† To get more in detail about the importance of coral reefs, they are providers of food source and living as well as the fact that they are among the most biologically diverse regions on Earth. The actual coral itself is knownRead MoreEssay about Event Planning Final4453 Words   |  18 PagesThe Wacky Olympics will be 10 track and field events that will help teams to strategize and work harmoniously to reach the finish line. After the days sport events, teams will be served a three course exotic comfort food luncheon that will reflect the whimsical day. The luncheon will feature exotic Cirque du Freaks side show attractions like fire eaters and contortionists as well as a freaky circus dà ©cor. The side show characters will be walking throughout the tent expressing their talents asRead MoreEssay on Animal Abuse and Cruelty to Animals5098 Words   |  21 Pagescan be considered as one of the factors that have greatly shaped human culture. The contribution of the animals to society is of much importance as it has generously benefited the people since the distant past. Animals have always been a source of food, clothing, and subservient workforce for humankind. These animals have also taken part in the religious customs, either for religious sacrifices or worshiping, done way back the earliest times. Moreover, People have long been reliant on their uniqueRead MoreWhat If Airplanes Were Never Invented?1812 Words   |  8 Pagesbecause they are not able to survive with the organs they have. This would mean more young people dying and funeral homes would be making more money than they already do. Exotic foods and flowers now come on planes. We would not be able to enjoy yummy Chinese candy or beautiful, expensive flowers. We would get bored eating, drinking, and entertaining ourselves with the same local stuff we would have day to day. We would all die from boredom. If airplanes were not invented, Hollywood would notRead MoreThe Discovery Of Norwegian Viking Culture1863 Words   |  8 Pagesis decorated with cats, bringing to mind the cats that drew the cart of Frà ¸ya, the goddess of fertility. The front end of the cart shows a man lying on his back, being attacked by serpents. Could this be an illustration of the tale of Gunnar in the snake pit? These were familiar stories for the Vikings, and the symbolism of the carving may have had great significance that is largely unknown today. (MCH) These carvings tell us what was important to the Norse people and support what information we haveRead More The Lasting Effects of the Columbian Exchange During the Age of Discovery1815 Words   |  8 Pagesadded many useful plants to each. He enormously increased the number of kinds of foods and quantities of food by both plant and animal sources. New food crops have enabled people to live in places where they previously had only slim means of feeding themselves. Each new cargo brought new changes to the European diet, helping to improve eating and strengthening national identities with cultural foods. Some of the exotic new crops had humble beginnings; before the tomato made its way into European diets

Menace Of Technology - 845 Words

For decades, society has been plagued by the mind-numbing, soul-sucking menace that is technology. Technology consists of smartphones, Wi-Fi, calculators, laptops, and other electronics that gives us the ability to live life more efficiently. Ovens, plumbing, clothing, and other objects of the like are not technology, regardless of what the dictionary says. The dictionary lies- it, too, was created by modern technology. Nowadays, technology has overrun us as a people. Our children are constantly looking at phones or computers instead of learning how to carry on a conversation in person. The populace is suffering from obesity, increased substance abuse, and general laziness. Some native tribes have even demonstrated that with technology†¦show more content†¦If these children cannot walk the distance to their education, then they will simply have to help their parents on the farm. Again, the lack of ships and transportation means that crops will have to be solely grown in a c ounty, any farther would be unfeasible with a wagon or by foot. Yes, there is always the possibility of a predictable disease wiping out the crops of the season and creating a devastating famine, but those who survive it will build character, unlike those who work on a laptop instead of the good earth. The class system will be reborn, but it is a minor setback. Comparing the supposed unjust nature of the class system to vital communication skills and a lack of diabetes demonstrates the weight of the pros versus the cons of demolishing the empire of technology. The pros are obviously so much more prominent- who wouldn’t willingly allow the class system to thrive if it meant our youth, though now select, could gain immense knowledge and respectable ethics now that smartphones are banned? Another horrible effect of having technology so intertwined with our daily lives is that it affects our day-to-day mood. When learning of all the negative events of the world, such as a new disease breaking out or a riot taking place somewhere poverty-ridden, it can cause one to feel guilty or angry. With our communication being limited byShow MoreRelatedThe On Infringement Of Trade Marks And Spencer Private Company1035 Words   |  5 Pagesplaintiff’s domain name. An injunction was ordered against the defendant in use of the said name . Despite multiple Laws on IPRs and lack of effective enforcement mechanism, Indian Judiciary has been remarkably creative in controlling and curbing the menace. Indian Courts have been fairly liberal and progressive in granting orders restraining defendants overseas in cases where infringement takes place through a website such as Domain Name infringement or on-line sale of counterfeit. In Tata Sons v. GhassanRead MoreEssay about Camera Phones and Invasion of Privacy1079 Words   |  5 PagesCamera Phones and Invasion of Privacy    â€Å"New technology has†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.placed all of us in an electronic fishbowl in which our habits, tastes and activities are watched and recorded.† as told by Simson Garfinkel (Ojeda). In the 21st century it is easy to awe people with new technology. Take two popular gadgets, merge them into a single point-and-click device, and then watch the world go nuts over it. This is a fact that will never change. Technology in this world is growing every day and there are productsRead MoreConstraints On Nations And Individuals1677 Words   |  7 Pagescontinues to have its toll on the environment (Goldenberg 2015). Owing to the devastating impacts of climate change over the years, the world leading environmental bodies need to apply some constraints to corporations, individuals, and nations to curb the menace. Without a concerted effort towards cutting carbon emissions, the planet will get only warmer. Of course, the possible restrictions may not be palatable to all nations, indivi duals, and corporations. It is so because such limitations may curtail someRead MoreInformation Security And The Security1463 Words   |  6 Pageschanging ways of technology. Microsoft has been a leader in the information security industry since it was founded in 1975. Bill Gates and Paul Allen are the founders of this business and have made it a global billion dollar company. With the company venturing in all devices such computers, cell phones, and even cars the sky is the limit for this company to continue to thrive in the technology business. Since 1975 the industry has expanded rapidly and security within the technology business has tightenedRead MorePorter’s Five-Forces’ Analysis of the Spanish Olive Oil Industry1022 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Management 2 ºA | | PORTER’S FIVE-FORCES’ ANALYSIS OF THE SPANISH OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY | The Spanish Olive Oil Industry The Spanish Olive Oil Industry Index Introduction 2 1. Intensity of current competence 2 2. Menace of New Entrance 3 3. Menace of substitute products 3 4. Bargaining power of suppliers/ 5. customers 4 Bibliography 4 Introduction The cultivation of olives and the production of olive oil have deep roots in the history of Spain. The olive, a symbol of peaceRead MorePorters Five-Forces Analysis of the Spanish Olive Oil Industry1006 Words   |  5 Pages2 ºA | | PORTER’S FIVE-FORCES’ ANALYSIS OF THE SPANISH OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY | The Spanish Olive Oil Industry The Spanish Olive Oil Industry Index Introduction 2 1. Intensity of current competence 2 2. Menace of New Entrance 3 3. Menace of substitute products 3 4. Bargaining power of suppliers/ 5. customers 4 Bibliography 4 Introduction The cultivation of olives and the production of olive oil have deep roots in the history of Spain. The olive, a symbolRead MoreChapter Two : Do Filmmakers Resort And Using Cgi Too Quickly?946 Words   |  4 PagesChapter Two: Do Filmmakers Resort to Using CGI Too Quickly? 1999 saw the release of the much anticipated, â€Å"Star Wars Episode One – The Phantom Menace†. It had since been nearly sixteen years since the original trilogy; a new movie meant there was a lot of hype surrounding a new Star Wars story, with audiences knowing there was going to be at least another two more leading up to Episode 4. The anticipation for a new Star Wars movie was a massive phenomenon around the world. During a time before YoutubeRead MoreEssay On E-Health844 Words   |  4 Pagescountries (ITU-D, 2017). This shows a significant level of internet penetration and mobile broadband availability in developing countries. But Smart City concept is a holistic approach that involves the deployment of Information and Communication Technology to improve human and social capital, quality of lives of citizens, economic growth, and participatory governance, conscious management of resources, sustainability and efficient mobility at the same time ensuring privacy an d security of citizensRead MoreThe Government Should Regulate Artificial Intelligence1655 Words   |  7 Pagesthe potential danger of AI. We should really concern about something and take actions now to prevent the worst potential consequence that might destroy our human race. Therefore, what is AI, and why would we focus on the potential menace of this fast developing technology? As the article â€Å"Time to Regulate AI in the Legal Profession? illustrates, â€Å"AI is the use of automated, computer-based means by which large amounts of data are processed and analyzed to reach reasoned conclusions.† (Chang) It seemsRead MoreMen in Black and Star Wars the Phantom Menace as Science Fiction923 Words   |  4 PagesMen in Black and Star Wars the Phantom Menace as Science Fiction Both of these films contain ideas of war and peace, whether it is the threat of invasion or the protection of land and values; also there is an element of power that is exerted between two sides disrupting the peace and the balance of the universe. Secrecy is added to indicate that not everything should be available for all to see. Conformity is a key theme

Understanding Theories Free Essays

string(164) " that business structures should be developed according to each individual organization, rather than upon some universal principles or procedures \(Proper, 1979\)\." In addition, this essay examines different stakeholder perspectives in relation to the harries and their issues, and it concluded by focusing on what type of knowledge, capability, and skills a manager requires in order to deal with these specific issues. Coca Cola was founded during the year 1887, by Doctor John Phenomenon, a pharmacist from Atlanta. John established a company which immediately began building its global network, he was known as the man who achieved a â€Å"global success through an intelligent risk†. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years, the company’s success rate continuously increased, and the deep emotional bond between Coca-Cola and its consumers grew even more powerful and more global (Coca Cola, 2014). In 2014, Coca-Cola advised that the previous year $2. 8 billion in stock was purchased, however they had planned to increase that amount to between $3. 0 billion and $3. 5 billion for the full year, due to positive sales, this is a clear indication of the company’s success (Reuters, 2013). The Coca-Cola Company, is the world’s largest beverage company, operating in more than 200 countries, across America, Europe, Eurasia, Africa and the Pacific. This multinational beverage corporation and manufacturer, retailer and marketer of non- alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia (Coca Cola, 2014). The secondary sector, international organization, has not been owned by a single individual in almost 100 years. It is a public company that trades its shares on the New York stock exchange – meaning it is ‘owned’ by thousands of shareholders and investors worldwide (Coca Cola, 2014). Coca Cola is known as one of the world most successful beverage companies to date, currently operating with over 700 000 employees across the globe, including Mutter Kent; the chairman of the board and chief executive officer (Coca Cola, 2014). The agency and contingency theory are both of significance to Coca Cola. The Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no â€Å"one best way’ to lead an organization, organize a corporation or make a decision. Instead, the appropriate organizational structure depends on the contingencies facing the organization (Travis Spread, 2012). Coca cola does not have control over the contingencies that are continuously arising within its internal and external environment; this includes political changes, such as the increased health standards for bottling. The contingency theory was chosen as it typifies that implementation of the appropriate organizational structures, depending on the contingencies the organization is facing, will result in business success. The managers at Coca Cola are aware that companies whose characteristics fit with the contingencies in the current situation will perform more effectively compared to an organization whose characteristics do not. Hence, implementation of this theory has allowed managers to adopt certain characteristics of the organization, such as the structure, to suit contingencies within their environment. The agency theory is concerned with resolving problems that can exist in agency relationships; that is, between principals and agents of the principals (Investigated, 2013). Generally, in large companies, with managers acting on behalf of their owners, many issues will arise in relation to the principle and the agent. Managers tend to misbehave if the interests of them and the company owners diverge (Eisenhower, K. M, 1989, page 58). The agency theory is of crucial importance to this study, as it highlights ethical and commercial issues which arise from an agent/principal relationship. As seen with Coca Cola, 2013 entailed substantial pay cuts to most top executives, due to over one fourth of the shareholders voting against them. As a result, many executives became denominated to work in favor of shareholders, who they believed were only acting in their own self-interests. In the article â€Å"Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure† Jensen, M. C Neckline state that if both parties to the relationship are utility maximizes, it is almost certain that the agent will not act in the best interests of the principal Nonsense, M. C Neckline. W. H, 1976, Page 5). The authors propose that many complications can arise as a result of a number of costs, including monitoring costs, in such a relationship. Jensen and Neckline then typify, that the principal may limit these divergences by implementing appropriate incentives for the agents and â€Å"and by incurring monitoring costs designed to limit the aberrant activities of the agent† Nonsense, M. C Neckline. W. H, 1976). â€Å"The Academy of Management Review’ by Kathleen M. Eisenhower, is a second study on agency theory, which states that there are two main problems that the agency heron is concerned with resolving. The first problem is the problem of risk sharing, which is the problems that arise when the principal and agent have different attitudes towards taking risk (Eisenhower, K. M, 1989, page 64). Due to different risk tolerances, the principal and agent may each be inclined to take different actions, which will result in the â€Å"agency problem†. The second problem, known as the agency problem, is the problems which arise, when the goals of the principle and the agent are not aligned. These problems both arise as a result of ‘information asymmetry. Eisenhower highlights these problems in order to remind us that regardless of what we think, organizational life is based on individuals acting in their own self-interest (Eisenhower, K. M, 1989, page 64). Leg Donaldson, in his 2001 paper ‘The contingency theory of organizational design’, provides a comprehensive, in depth analysis of the contingency theory. He states that a successful organization is not one that adopts the maximum level, but instead, the appropriate level of structural variables, that depend on some level of the contingency variable (Donaldson, 2001). He then proceeds with explaining that a company may only increase its performance levels by adopting strategies depending on the contingencies the organization is facing (Donaldson, 2001). Similarly, in his paper, ‘Complex Organizations: A critical essay, Charles Proper also stresses the importance of the contingency theory within organizations. According to Proper, organizations should adopt organic structures, based on the internal and external contingencies the company is faced with (Proper, 1979). He states that business structures should be developed according to each individual organization, rather than upon some universal principles or procedures (Proper, 1979). You read "Understanding Theories" in category "Papers" Proper strongly believes that complying with the contingency theory will result in the business achieving utmost success. A number of issues in relation to management and the organization have been raised, as a result of the agency and contingency theories. The agency theory was initially designed in order to assist in the understanding of the agent/principle relationship. Williamson (1985) identified opportunistic behavior as a norm within organizations, stating that agency problems are more than likely to occur. He specified that managers often act opportunistically, and that trustworthiness is no longer common. Jensen and Neckline (1976), supported Williamson claim, they believe it is generally impossible that management will act in favor of the principle, as their main focus is to maximize their own wealth. Coca Cola proved this to be true in 2013, when Californian managers were sued for underpaying their employees in order to reduce expenses (D. Blackburn. 2013). Jensen and Neckline (1976) also believe that the agency theory may also initiate moral issues between the agent and other takeovers, such as the public. As seen with Coca Cola, India, 2002 entailed an agency issue between management and the public. Communities across India living around Coca-Cola’s bottling plants experienced severe water shortages, as a result of Coca-Cola’s massive extraction of water from the common groundwater resource. The public criticized the company, stating that Coca Cola is willing to damage the nation, for their own â€Å"self-interest† of cost cutting. The company refused to amend their procedures until they were forced to by government. (Blackburn, 2013 ) Drain and Van De Even (1985) believe that environmental uncertainty can occur as a result of the contingency theory. They believe that an issue with the theory is that there are no pre-developed structures that an organization can adopt if internal and external contingencies, unexpectedly occur. In order to avoid these issues, Drain and Van De Even (1985) state that an organization must develop structures that it can quickly implement if internal and external contingencies, unexpectedly occur. In 1981, Coca cola began to lose market share to Pepsi, as the company had developed a new racketing procedure, which did not appeal to the public. Coca Cola failed to develop alternate plans if contingencies within the external market, such as increased competition occur. As a result, by 1983, Coca Cola’s market shared, decreased to an all-time low of Just below 24%. Due to this disastrous situation, Roberto Goutiest, Coca Cola’s chairman at the time, decided that in the future, the company will rule out all contingencies and possibilities, and have further plans, if their current procedures fail. In his article â€Å"Contingency theory: Science or Technology’ Stephen C. Beets insinuates that over the years, many criticisms/limitations of the contingency theory have developed. He states that one criticism of the contingency theory is that â€Å"the causation of certain contingencies are assumed, but not explained† (Beets, 2011). The assumption is that because a set of environmental conditions and organizational design characteristics were found to be correlated that this is the best fit (Beets, 2011). Stephen (2011) then continues to explain that decisions should not be made based on this assumption, instead informed decisions must be made, based on glacial reasoning of each unique situation. Morehouse (2007), believes that the theory fails to explain why some people are more effective leaders in some situations than others. Shah (1979) adds on to Northerners claim, he states that the theory has not identified what an organization should do, when there is a mismatch between the managers and the current situation within the workplace. Similarly, in his text ‘Management and organizational theory, Jeffery A. Miles makes aware many limitations of the agency theory. Miles suggests that empirical research as failed to support basic tenets of the theory, including ways to mitigate the agency problem (Miles, 2012). Hence, researchers are now asking for re-examination of the theory so that research can move into new and different directions. Miles (2012), made reference to Proper (1986) who claimed that the agency theory does not clearly address any organizational problems, as well as Hirsch and Friedman (1986) who invited agency theory as excessively narrow, focusing primarily on organizational stock price. Different stakeholders have different views regarding the contingency ND agency theories. Assassinates (1989), highlights that perspectives will differ amongst all stakeholders, regarding risk sharing, which is one of the main problems within the agency theory. Assassinates (1989) stated that managers tend to avoid taking risks, as they fear the possibility of failure, which may result in damaging the organization. On the other hand, other stakeholders, such as shareholders of the company, may support the idea of ‘risk sharing, as certain risks may result in increased profits for the company, hence, maximizing their shares. As stated prior, Jensen, M. C and Neckline (1976) believe that managers (agent) tend to make decisions that will result in maximizing their own utility. In doing this, agents will significantly benefit, as their own wealth may substantially increase. On the other hand, shareholders of the company (principles) will generally oppose these decisions, as they fear that they aren’t receiving a fair share and getting the best possible investment from the company. Similarly, Woolworth, being the agent of Coca Cola, attempted to boost its own profit margin, by decreasing Coca Cola’s prices, before lacing them on the shelves. Woolworth attempted to maximize their own utility, by decreasing costs of Coca Cola, with the intention of gaining more customers, hence improving their market share. Coca Cola felt as though Woolworth breached their contract terms, as they were gaining an unfair leverage http://www. Afar. Com/p/ business/companies/clash_of_the_titans_woolies_coke_KJLlpFFlJfabEGgdeAnswO . Similarly to the agency theory, stakeholders also have opposing views in relation to the contingency theory and its issue of ‘environmental uncertainty. Managers may appreciate the idea of environmental uncertainty, as it creates a spontaneous environment, which may work in their favor. Managers are able to adopt the business strategies that they know will be effective, due to past experiences. On the other hand, other stakeholders, such as employees may not appreciate environmental uncertainty, as continuously changing management structures, may require employees to attain new skills. Hence, employees will be required to spend more time in the training and development process, thus, resulting in increased costs for the business, meaning less pay and/ or benefits for employees. In earlier years, Coca Cola in India saw that environmental contingencies, such as economic decline, were forcing other Indian companies to change their employee pay rates. As a result, Coca Cola changed their employee pay rates, in line with the other Indian companies. The Indian companies’ success rates began to increase due to cost cutting, however Coca cola experienced a significant level of employee’s voluntarily leaving the company, as they became denominated and felt mistreated (Coca Cola, 2012). Managers/leaders must ensure that prior to managing an organization; they have an understating that perspectives will differ, amongst all stakeholders within the company. Managers must ensure that they reason logically and fairly rather than emotionally, this will guarantee that they do not act in their own â€Å"self-interest’. Therefore, they must pay attention to his/her personal as well as other people’s assumptions, perspectives, and biases. This process should be approached with integrity, open-mindedness, honesty, and accuracy. It is also important for a leader/ manager to uphold ethical and moral standards, in doing so employees with feel as Hough they are being treated Justly. As a result, managers are not only increasing efficiency, but also nurturing skills, developing talent, inspiring results, and erasing all employee concerns regarding any issues of mistreatment, such as underpay. Further to this, managers must not only treat employees fairly, but also, all other stakeholders within their company, such as shareholders, customers, suppliers, and so on. In doing so, leaders will ensure that they gain positive relationships, which will result in improving the market share of the company, hence, gaining a significant nominative advantage. How to cite Understanding Theories, Papers

The Modernizing of Chicago Convention

Question: Discuss The Report for Modernizing of Chicago Convention. Answer: The provisions of Chicago Convention indicate such foresightedness that it is truly commendable. For over sixty years there have not been any substantive amendments to it. However international instruments are but a representation of the time in which they had been drafted and a relation that existed and balance that was being achieved by such a draft (Havel Sanchez, 2011). In the last sixty years since the Chicago Convention came into being there has been a dramatic change in various fields economic, technical, social and geopolitical. There are also various states that have emerged on the map which were not entities that were independent at the time when the convention was drafted. There has been a leap in technology of aviation, including technically feasible supersonic flight, aircrafts that are wide bodied and can each any destination on earth without the refueling requirement, aircrafts as economic means of transportation and various other such developments (Air Traffic Control, 2008). There are new problems which have arisen in the sixty years since the convention was drafted and could not have been foreseen reasonably at that time these include acts of crime against the civil aviation safety, the environmental protection growing as a concern, space technology application for management of air traffic, need for technical assistance or cooperatio n is increasing for assuring civil aviations global safety and also there being a drastic change in the methods of the Secretariat of ICAO, etc. An argument maybe made that the Convention does not require any kind of general review since the ICAO has been served well by it since its incorporation and any new contingencies or developments by way of interpretation ("Convention on International Civil Aviation", 1944). It can however also be argued on the other hand any interpretation that is creative could lead to a meaning that is completely contrary to the Convention thus distorting the States consensus scope or lead to their being a lack in the legal certainty that all the contracting States are supporting. There would be an evident benefit to the ICAO constitutional framework from the modernization that would take place in practice as well as the Conventions amended provisions (Aircraft Operations, 2006). There should be restoration of the Assembly to the true position in the organizations main body. A triennial cycle for assembly in the entire UN system is maintained only by the ICAO. The Assembly can be empowered by arraigning every two years the Assemblys regularly for a three weeks period which would be in line with the other organizations in the United Nations system. This was a proposal which was also formulated by the United Nations Joint Inspection Unit after in 200, May it evaluated the ICAO for various reasons (i) there would be more charge in the hands of the Assembly with respect to the general governance and effective decision-making, controlling the councils work and program supervising. It is necessary for the States to get together in greater frequency for formulation of the policy of the ICAO and discussing the problems mutually; it would be for a more reasonable period of two years the present budgeting in advance for three years could be a blind exercise often since the account of the fluctuating currency cannot be taken realistically or account of the exigencies that arise urgently during the Organizations work ("Convention on International Civil Aviation", 1944). Rather than of the different Conferences which under the Convention do not have any constitutional status it is necessary to make more frequent use of the Assembly's extraordinary sessions. The sessions of the council which is within the system of the UN a rare permanent body and of the bodies subordinate need to be limited to maximum of two sessions in a year and there should not be any time that should be wasted by the council for consideration of matters that are in the executive management's purview traditionally. There are high-cost expenses and exorbitant expenses related to language that is caused due to the vast number of Council meeting and the meetings of the subordinate bodies and the high amount of documents which are required to be prepared for the same. There are some evident lacunae that are required to filled by revision of the convention, issues that could not have been reasonably foreseen or were not foreseen during the time when the Convention was made in 1944 but which have in turn become an important part of the Organizations working (Annex 2 Rules of the Air, 2005). Other than the modernization mentioned some pertinent issues that are required to be addressed and revised in the convention are that of Environmental Protection, it is gradually that the concept of protection of the environment has become one of ICAOs work programs top priorities. However, at the time when the Chicago Conference took place it was not foreseeable that this issue would gain so much prominence over time due to the fast evolving activities of the industries and output all across the work during the 20th century's second half, including in the countries that were at the time when the Conference took place colonies. There has been a growing political weight that is being given to the green initiatives in various countries, and there is active interest that is being taken by the various communities internationally for environmental conservation. It was on 30th July 1968 that the United Nations in ECOSOC's 45th session addressed for the first the various issues relating to the environment, and recommendations were made for convening a conference on the various issues that surround the human environment to the General Assembly. Environmental pollution's first issue with respect to aviation is that of noise, particularly in the airport's vicinity. ("ECOSEC Resolution 1346 (XLV)", 1968) An early initiative was taken by the ICAO in Buenos Aires in 1968, September in its 16th session where the subject of noise from aircraft was addressed in airport areas was discussed, and the Council was urged to organize a Conference and adopt guidance and specifications materials that are international relating to noise related to aircraft. The protection of the environment is a concern that is general and the Chicago Convention's revisions should be in a manner that should confirm that the States have a duty which is a legal commitment to the protection of the environment from the aircraft engine emissions and noise in a balanced and coordinated manner which the Organi zation shall determine and the State shall at the same time accept the obligation of not introducing any kind of measure that is unilateral which would lead to the jeopardizing of the aircraft that are foreign (Annexes 1-18, 1974). Organizations legal work, the Legal Committee of ICAOs work and over the years under the ICAOs auspices the Diplomatic Conferences that are convened has become a feature that his highly successful, important and visible feature of the programs of ICAO (Bartsch, 2012). The various instruments that the Legal Committee and the Sub-Committees of the Legal Committee have drafted are the few which are in the forefront decidedly of the international law's development which is progressive and the codification of the same. A particular place among such instruments is for the security conventions of the aviation industry that has been adopted with efficiency and speed that is unprecedented in response to the increase in challenges in the world with respect to terrorism in aviation ("Convention on International Civil Aviation", 1944). The different foras have closely followed, in their various instruments that they have adopted, approaches and legal principles that have been developed in ICAO. The Chicago Convention however for reasons that are historical did not have any reference to the Organization's legal work and the Constitution and the existence of the Legal Committee and the Draft Convention's Procedure for Approval are based on the Assembly's resolution only and do not represent as the international law's source (McBrien, 2015). Thus it is necessary that some kind of revision of the Convention should include and give suitable constitutional recognition and basis to the Organizations legal work. These according to me are the most important changes that need to be incorporated in the Chicago Convention, since though till time this convention has been serving the aviation industry well however with time there might be various situations that would lead to their being interpretations and usage of the convention which it was not meant for at the time of drafting. References Air Traffic Control. (2008) (1st ed., pp. 101, 203, 301). Retrieved from https://ww1.jeppesen.com/documents/aviation/notices-alerts/change-sets/Air-Traffic-Control.pdf Aircraft Operations. (2006) (5th ed.). Retrieved from https://code7700.com/pdfs/icao_doc_8168_vol2.pdf Annex 2 Rules of the Air. (2005) (10th ed., pp. 30- 41, 55, 70). Annexes 1-18. (1974) (1st ed., pp. 1-25). Retrieved from https://www.icao.int/documents/annexes_booklet.pdf Bartsch, R. (2012).International Aviation Law. Farnham: Ashgate Pub. Chicago Conventions. (1944) (1st ed., pp. 2-23). Chicago. Retrieved from https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/7300_orig.pdf Convention on International Civil Aviation. (1944).ICAO.INT. Retrieved 10 July 2016, from https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/7300_orig.pdf ECOSEC Resolution 1346 (XLV). (1968). InUN Convention on Human Environment. Stockholm. Havel, B. Sanchez, G. (2011). Do we need a New Chicago convention.Aviation Law And Policy,11, 7. McBrien, D. (2015).National Aviation Structure and the International Civil Aviation Organization. Lecture, Brisbane. Redmond, J. (1886).The Chicago Convention:. London: The Irish Press Agency, 25 Parliament-Street.